Cardiac hypertrophy is a condition characterized by an increase in the size of the heart muscle, specifically the walls of the ventricles. This condition is often a response to increased stress or workload on the heart, such as high blood pressure or heart valve disease. Cardiac hypertrophy can be either physiological, as seen in athletes who are constantly training, or pathological, as seen in individuals with chronic heart disease. Pathological cardiac hypertrophy can eventually lead to heart failure if left untreated. Research in this area aims to better understand the underlying mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy, identify risk factors, and develop targeted therapies to prevent and treat this condition.